How to make a steel connection to steel?
12 בJuly 2026
Where are the cracks in the definition of “cracked concrete”?
12 בJuly 2026How to make a steel connection to steel?
12 בJuly 2026Where are the cracks in the definition of “cracked concrete”?
12 בJuly 2026When should I make pull-out test to anchors?
Checking the anchors – When are they necessary and when unnecessary?
The answer to this question includes many ingredients. In terms of standards, The European standard does not require pull-out test. When anchor has approval European Technical Assessment (ETA) and is installed in accordance with the provisions of the specifications in certificate. Israel has no local standard on this issue. That is, formally, anchor, with an ETA certificate, is not charged with a test – whereas the anchor without the European approval must pass pull-out test.
However, in many cases, the tests conducted on anchors with European Technical Assessment have raised serious findings that have prevented disasters. The question therefore arises: Is the tests of the proper necessity, or can only be relied on the device?
We will consider three components that affect the decision: The anchor, OperationandThe background material.
1. 1. The anchor
When anchor has a approval European Technical Assessment (ETA), it is equipped with a designated Technical Specification, based on a rigorous testing process and a controlled production process. In this case, there is no need for another pull-out test.
When anchor does not have a European approval, and its technical data is based solely on internal checks of an unrecognized manufacturer – a check should be performed. Regarding the strength calculation, data can be used in steel 8.8 (the most common rank in anchors) or the other steel, provided that a laboratory has been proven to this.
When the anchor is manufactured by a recognized and accompanied manufacturer in orderly load tables or familiar laboratory tests in conditions similar to the planned application conditions, the ratio should be examined between the estimated suffering and the actual load. If the ratio is higher than 5, there is no need for pull-out test. If the ratio is below 5, it is recommended to carry out a test, since a single test cannot be determined by a general suffering.
2. Operation
Most of the anchoring failures stem from poor and inconsistable performance – sometimes also lacked clear instructions. This is especially noticeable in Chemical anchors, where the rate of regulations is relatively high. Professional exclusions may help many, but few providers provide such services.
In most cases, the purpose of the test is to examine the quality of installation. But often, the supplier or contractor installs the anchor, designed for a different and more rigorous test from the way we install the field – thus reducing the purpose of the test. In order for the test to be reliable, there is no difference between the extent of the anchor installation and the rest of the anchors in project.
The recommended solution to test the quality of installation
The inspector will accompany the installer a few minutes, examine the method of his work, and ask him to install another anchor in the same way – a distance from the first anchor. This way, it is possible to make sure that the anchor was installed in the same method as the other anchors, and to allow a real test to destruction.
Another problem arises when anchors is checked to destruction: the test causes damage to the nearby area and requires additional repairs and works. However, a test up to only partial load (usually a risk load) may not reveal failure – since the anchor is installed in a defective manner may nevertheless withstand some of the required load.
This test is particularly vital in Chemical anchors (mechanical anchors) and especially when the required loads are close to the maximum values permitted, or installed with large amounts of anchors.
3. The background material
When the background material is concrete standard in normal condition, the data is known and allows for direct calculation. But when the concrete is in poor condition – wide cracks, a corrosion attack, or concrete, which is not in the device – it is very recommended to do pull-out test to test the background behavior. Important: The test must be with legs a large distance from the anchor subjects, to allow a failed test of the background material itself. Using a jack directly installed on the wall will not allow proper scrutiny.
When there is no Technical data written on anchor’s performance on the specific background material – and in particular in Israel, where the hollow blocks is different from the accepted ones in Europe – there is no rely on foreign manufacturer tables. If anchor has many tests on a certain background material and a high-powered load ratio, you can avoid pull-out test. However, when there are a few tests for anchor on specific background material and are designed to use a considerable portion of the estimated sufferance – it is recommended to conduct a test.
When the background material is not uniform, several tests in different areas should be performed to get a full picture of the background behavior in different conditions.
Types of tests that are better
1. 1. Testing with a move according to European Standard Guidelines
This is a test that few laboratories in the country are authorized to carry out. The test is long and expensive, and the main track is the anchor transition from a violent state to a plastic state – by measuring a move under the activation of cyclical loads.
The great balance: After the initial tests are performed, the anchors can be checked in project with a move measurement up to a soft load and circulating the shift-commission curve to initial tests – and thus make sure that the installation was done correctly without causing damage to anchor.
2. A familiar laboratory test without a move, with direct pressure on the wall (without a table)
This is the most common test in Israel. It has an important limitation: the pressure generated around the anchor around the GC slightly improves the results of the test for anchor and may give an optimistic picture of the real situation. In addition, in a problematic background material, the test does not allow the failure to be examined in the concrete constipation.
A central question in this test is the method of operating the load: Do you continually raise the load until the fall, or in stages with waiting times for stabilization? The second solution is better than professional, but anchors is usually required for prolonged stabilization in high loads – due to the system’s austerity (the device, legs, steel) – and often do not wait long enough in Israel, leading to a wrong failure.
Recommendation: To make a load in stages with a wait of about half a minute between stage and stage, while ignoring the slight load declines. After a decrease, try to increase the load again to distinguish between austic and final failure.
3. A familiar laboratory test without a move, with a table (direct pressure drive around anchor)
This method offers two major Advantages over the previous test:
- The patient’s anchor suffer is not affected by external pressure around the anchor.
- You can test and detect failure in the background material itself.
In the rest of the parameters, all that is mentioned regarding the previous method of examination also applies here.
4. Check out by the anchors supplier
All of the above applies even when the dorch is a lease of the anchors supplier, but there is a built-in conflict of interests. Case for example: A recognized and respected supplier in the country submitted a pull-out test report of a 12mm iron rod with a 12mm with a millimeter with a The glue His, with a load, was tested that increased 50 percent on the maximum suffering of an iron rod in this diameter. The contractor did not notice this until it was added to his attention – since an iron rod is connected with chemical adhesive cannot hold more of the steel itself. In short, it is not to be trusted to check his product without close supervision.
During a doubt check, make sure the following points:
- The correct method of the anchor: Were the same tools and accessories used in the field? Were there any other cleaning operations that were not actually done? Was it installed in the depth required? Is it another stick that is not part of a normal installation?
- Contact between the parts of the device: Vendors are usually built from a perception to the head of anchor, a small table and a hydraulic mechanism. If the part of the perception touches the table during the test, the measured load will be artificially high. Keep a gap between the parts throughout the test.
- Video documentation: It is very recommended to require a video record of the test. Many testers oppose this, but those who claim transparency should not be afraid of full documentation. It is doubtful that it has natural suspicion, committed to over-expression.
In conclusion
Principles to Decide on pull-out test
Consider the anchor quality, the identity of the operation and the background material conditions – and by combining these factors determine when to demand pull-out test and which type of appropriate scrutiny.
It should be required to fully transparency from the test: what is the test method, how the failure is defined, and how the anchor device is installed. To remember: In order to test the behavior of anchor in a reliable manner, it should be examined in the same conditions for those in which it is actually performed – from all exams.
The inspector’s role also includes a complete comparison between the terms of the sample test and the real anchor in the field.